Items created by Shark, Lik

Article

Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Wang, Zhe and Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2023) Dynamic visualisation and measurement of cartilage morphology by magnetic resonance imaging-based knee kinematics. International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology, 71 (4). pp. 321-331. ISSN 0952-8091

Shark, Lik-Kwan ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Bowes, Michael, Waterton, John and Goodacre, John (2022) Discovering Associations between Acoustic Emission and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers from 10 Osteoarthritic Knees. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 69 (11). pp. 3494-3503. ISSN 0018-9294

Kio, Onoise Gerald and Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2022) Geometric distortion correction for projections on non-planar and deformable surfaces based on displacement of peripheral image points. International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology, 68 (2). pp. 101-113. ISSN 0952-8091

Schlüter, Daniela K., Spain, Lucy, Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Southworth, Harry, Platt, Nicola, Mercer, Joe, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Waterton, John C., Bowes, Mike et al (2019) Use of acoustic emission to identify novel candidate biomarkers for knee osteoarthritis (OA). PLOS ONE, 14 (10). e0223711.

Goodacre, John, Schlueter, Daniela K, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Spain, Lucy, Platt, Nicola, Platt, Nicola, Mercer, Joe, Waterton, John C, Bowes, Mike et al (2018) Identifying novel acoustic emission biomarkers for use in knee osteoarthritis clinical trials. Rheumatology, 57 (S3). key075.321. ISSN 1462-0324

Wang, Yiding, Yang, Chenyan and Shark, Lik-Kwan ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2018) Method for estimating potential recognition capacity of texture-based biometrics. IET Biometrics, 7 (6). pp. 561-588. ISSN 2047-4938

Wang, Y, Duan, Q, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Huang, D (2016) Improving hand vein recognition by score weighted fusion of wavelet-domain multi-radius local binary patterns. International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology, 54 (2). pp. 151-160. ISSN 0975-8887

Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509 and Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2016) 3-D Face Recognition Using Geodesic-Map Representation and Statistical Shape Modelling. Pattern Recognition: Applications and Methods. ICPRAM 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 9493 . pp. 199-212. ISSN 0302-9743

Wang, Yiding, Xie, Wei, Yu, Xiaojie and Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2015) An automatic physical access control system based on hand vein biometric identification. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 61 (3). pp. 320-327. ISSN 0098-3063

Duerden, Christopher James, Shark, Lik-Kwan ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Hall, Geoff ORCID: 0000-0002-7391-3439 and Howe, Joseph Mark (2015) Minimisation of energy consumption variance for multi-process manufacturing lines through genetic algorithm manipulation of production schedule. Engineering Letters, 23 (1). pp. 40-48. ISSN 1816-093X

Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509 and Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2015) Statistical shape modelling for expression-invariant face analysis and recognition. Pattern Analysis & Applications, 19 . pp. 765-781. ISSN 1433-7541

Spain, Lucy, Rajoub, Bashar, Schlüter, Daniela K, Waterton, John, Bowes, Mike, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Diggle, Peter and Goodacre, John (2015) Biomarkers for knee osteoarthritis: new technologies, new paradigms. International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology, 10 (4). pp. 287-297. ISSN 1758-4272

Wang, Yiding, Zhang, Ke and Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2014) Personal identification based on multiple keypoint sets of dorsal hand vein images. IET Biometrics, 3 (4). pp. 234-245. ISSN 2047-4938

Ma, Sha, Varley, Martin Roy, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Richards, Jim ORCID: 0000-0002-4004-3115 (2012) Overcoming the information overload problem in a multiform feedback-based virtual reality system for hand motion rehabilitation: healthy subject case study. Virtual Reality, 16 (4). pp. 325-334. ISSN 1359-4338

Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509, Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Mcloughlin, Alison Sarah rachel ORCID: 0000-0001-5298-9306, Lightbody, Catherine Elizabeth ORCID: 0000-0001-5016-3471, Emsley, Hedley C.A. and Watkins, Caroline Leigh ORCID: 0000-0002-9403-3772 (2012) Hi4D-ADSIP 3-D dynamic facial articulation database. Image and Vision Computing, 30 (10). pp. 713-727. ISSN 02628856

Papiez, Bartlomiej, Matuszewski, Bogdan J ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Moore, Christopher (2012) An Implicit Inter-subject Shape Driven Image Deformation Model for Prostate Motion Estimation. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 7601 . pp. 218-228. ISSN 978-3-642-33611-9

Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Frowd, Charlie ORCID: 0000-0002-5082-1259 (2011) Methodology and Performance Analysis of 3-D Facial Expression Recognition Using Statistical Shape Representation. International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing, 4 (3). pp. 79-88. ISSN 2005-4262

Lu, Gan, Shark, Lik-Kwan ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Hall, Geoff ORCID: 0000-0002-7391-3439 and Zeshan, Ulrike ORCID: 0000-0002-8438-3701 (2011) Immersive manipulation of virtual objects through glove-based hand gesture interaction. Virtual Reality, 16 (3). pp. 243-252. ISSN 1359-4338

Shark, Lik-Kwan ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Chen, H and Goodacre, J (2011) Knee acoustic emission: a potential biomarker for quantitative assessment of joint ageing and degeneration. Medical Engineering & Physics, 33 (5). pp. 534-545. ISSN 13504533

Kurekin, A, Radford, D, Level, K, Marshall, D and Shark, Lik-Kwan ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2011) A new method for generating site-specific clutter map for land based radar by using multimodal remote sensing images and digital terrain data. IET Radar, Sonar and Navigation, 5 (3). pp. 374-388. ISSN 1751-8784

Prior, J., Mascaro, B., Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Stockdale, J., Selfe, J., Bury, R., Cole, P. and Goodacre, J. A. (2010) Analysis of high frequency acoustic emission signals as a new approach for assessing knee osteoarthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (ARD), 69 (5). pp. 929-930. ISSN 0003-4967

Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Zhang, Yan and Boller, C (2010) Integrity evaluation of metallic aerostructures by trend analysis of acousto-ultrasonic signals. Insight, 52 (3). pp. 124-129. ISSN 1354-2575

Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Ait-Boudaoud, Djamel (2009) Facial Expression Biometrics Using Statistical Shape Models. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 2009 . pp. 1-17. ISSN 1687-6172

Mascaro, B, Prior, J, Shark, Lik-Kwan ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Selfe, James (2009) Exploratory study of a non-invasive method based on acoustic emission for assessing the dynamic integrity of knee joints. Medical Engineering & Physics, 31 (8). pp. 1013-1022. ISSN 1350-4533

Chen, Xin, Varley, Martin R., Shark, Lik-Kwan ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Shentall, Glyn S and Kirby, Mike C (2008) A computationally efficient method for automatic registration of orthogonal x-ray images with volumetric CT data. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53 (4). pp. 967-983. ISSN 0031-9155

Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Kurekin, Andriy and Matuszewski, Bogdan J ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509 (2007) Development and evaluation of fast branch-and-bound algorithm for feature matching based on line segments. Pattern Recognition, 40 (5). pp. 1432-1450. ISSN 0031-3203

Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Yu, C (2006) Design of matched wavelets based on generalized Mexican-hat function. Signal Processing, 86 (7). pp. 1451-1469. ISSN 0165-1684

Deng, W, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Matuszewski, Bogdan J ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509, Smith, JP and Cavaccini, G (2004) CAD model-based inspection and visualisation for 3D non-destructive testing of complex aerostructures. Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring, 46 (3). pp. 157-161. ISSN 1354-2575

Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Wilkinson, P (2004) Automatic monitoring of gas turbine air intakes using colour imaging techniques. Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring, 46 (2). pp. 94-97. ISSN 1354-2575

Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Yu, C (2003) Design of optimal shift-invariant orthonormal wavelet filter banks via genetic algorithm. Signal Processing, 83 (12). pp. 2579-2951. ISSN 0165-1684

Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Lin, XY, Varley, Martin Roy, Matuszewski, Bogdan J ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509 and Smith, JP (2003) Lossless compression of radiographic images of aircraft components. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, 75 (4). pp. 358-364. ISSN 0002-2667

Borkowski, J, Matuszewski, Bogdan J ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509, Mroczka, J and Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2002) Geometric matching of circular features by least squares fitting. Pattern Recognition Letters, 23 (7). pp. 885-894. ISSN 0167-8655

Matuszewski, Bogdan J ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509, Smith, JP, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Varley, Martin Roy (2001) Automatic feature-based fusion of ultrasonic, radiographic and shearographic images for aerospace non-destructive testing. Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring, 43 (9). pp. 607-615. ISSN 1354-2575

Book Section

Khan, Mohammad Farhan, Guan, Xiao Yin ORCID: 0000-0002-1609-9581, Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509, Hall, Geoff ORCID: 0000-0002-7391-3439, Ceglarek, Darek and Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2018) Measurement Uncertainties in Calibrating a Robotic Vision System. In: Volume 8: Advances in Manufacturing Technology XXXII. Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering . IOS Press, IOS Press, pp. 157-162. ISBN 978-1-61499-901-0

Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509 and Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2015) 3-D Shape Matching for Face Analysis and Recognition. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods. Science and Technology Publications, Lda, Portugal, pp. 45-52. ISBN 978-989-758-077-2

Papiez, Bartek, Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520 (2013) Facial Expression Recognition using Diffeomorphic Image Registration Framework. In: Mathematical Methodologies in Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, 30 (2013). Springer, New York, NY, USA, pp. 179-194. ISBN 978-1-4614-5075-7

Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509 and Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2012) Facial Asymmetry Analysis Based on 3-D Dynamic Scans. In: Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), 2012 IEEE International Conference on. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Seoul, Korea (South), pp. 2676-2681. ISBN 978-1-4673-1713-9

Smith, John P and Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2012) Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Composite Aerospace Structures. In: Wiley Encyclopaedia of Composites. Wiley, pp. 1975-2015. ISBN 9780470128282

Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509, Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520 and Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2011) Facial Expression Recognition. In: Biometrics - Unique and Diverse Applications in Nature, Science, and Technology. IntechOpen, pp. 57-88. ISBN 978-953-307-187-9

Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509 and Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2010) IMPROVED 3-D FACIAL REPRESENTATION THROUGH STATISTICAL SHAPE MODEL. In: Image Processing (ICIP), 2010 17th IEEE International Conference on. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Reston, VA, pp. 2433-2436. ISBN 978-1-4244-7992-4

Lu, Gan, Shark, Lik-Kwan ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Hall, Geoff ORCID: 0000-0002-7391-3439 and Zeshan, Ulrike ORCID: 0000-0002-8438-3701 (2010) Hand Motion Recognition and Visualisation for Direct Sign Writing. In: 2010 14th International Conference Information Visualisation. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Reston, VA, pp. 467-472. ISBN 978-1-4244-7846-0

Guan, Xiaoyin, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Hall, Geoff ORCID: 0000-0002-7391-3439 and Deng, Wei (2009) Distortion correction for immersive navigation in spherical image environment. In: CyberWorlds, 2009. CW '09. International Conference on. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Reston, VA, pp. 96-101. ISBN 978-1-4244-4864-7

Lu, Gan, Shark, Lik-Kwan ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Hall, Geoff ORCID: 0000-0002-7391-3439 and Zeshan, Ulrike ORCID: 0000-0002-8438-3701 (2009) Dynamic hand gesture tracking and recognition for real-time immersive virtual object manipulation. In: CyberWorlds, 2009. CW '09. International Conference on. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Reston, VA, pp. 29-35. ISBN 978-1-4244-4864-7

Ma, Sha, Varley, Martin Roy, Richards, Jim ORCID: 0000-0002-4004-3115 and Shark, Lik-Kwan ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2009) Overcoming the Information Overload Problem in a Multiform Feedback Based Virtual Reality System for Hand Motion Rehabilitation. In: 2009 International Conference on CyberWorlds. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), pp. 51-56. ISBN 978-1-4244-4864-7

Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Ait-Boudaoud, Djamel (2007) Low dimensional Surface Parameterisation with application in biometrics. In: This paper appears in: Medical Information Visualisation - BioMedical Visualisation, 2007. MediVis 2007. International Conference on. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Zurich, pp. 15-22. ISBN 0-7695-2904-6

Conference or Workshop Item

Sumegi, Milan ORCID: 0009-0008-7840-6293, Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Brooks, Hadley Laurence ORCID: 0000-0001-9289-5291 and Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2024) Real-time Monitoring of 3D Printing Using Between-layer Structural Similarity (BLSS). In: 7th International Conference on Images and Graphics Processing (ICIGP '24), 19-21 January 2024, Beijing, China.

Wang, Zhe, Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520 and Shark, Lik-Kwan ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2022) Development of Bone-based Kinematics from Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Immersive Assessment of Knee Joints. In: ICIGP 2022: 2022 the 5th International Conference on Image and Graphics Processing (ICIGP), 7-9 January 2022, Beijing, China.

Li, Jingdong, Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Shark, Lik-Kwan ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Brooks, Hadley Laurence ORCID: 0000-0001-9289-5291 (2022) A Vision-based Monitoring System for Quality Assessment of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D Printing. In: ICIGP 2022: The 5th International Conference on Image and Graphics Processing (ICIGP), 7-9 January 2022, Beijing, China.

Cassels, Bryan, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Mein, Stephen James, Nixon, A., Barber, T. and Turner, R. (2019) Robust principal component analysis of ultrasonic sectorial scans for defect detection in weld inspection. In: Conference on Multimodal Sensing - Technologies and Applications, 26 - 27 June 2019, Munich, Germany.

Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Huang, Kai, Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Waterton, J and Goodacre, J (2017) Acoustic emission sonification and magnetic resonance imaging-based kinematics for exploratory analysis of knee joints. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM), 15-18 Dec. 2016.

Duerden, Christopher James, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Hall, Geoff ORCID: 0000-0002-7391-3439 (2016) Prediction of granular time-series energy consumption for manufacturing jobs from analysis and learning of historical data. In: Annual Conference on Information Science and Systems (CISS), 16 - 18 March 2016, Princeton, NJ, USA. (Unpublished)

Duerden, Christopher James, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Hall, Geoff ORCID: 0000-0002-7391-3439 and Howe, Joseph Mark (2016) Genetic Algorithm Based Production Schedule Optimization System for Highly Granular Energy Consumption Variance Minimization. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 9th - 12th October 2015.

Duerden, Christopher James, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Hall, Geoff ORCID: 0000-0002-7391-3439 (2016) Genetic Algorithm based Production Schedule Modification System for Highly Granular Energy Consumption Variance Minimisation. In: IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 9-12 October 2015, Kowloon, China.

Duerden, Christopher James, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Hall, Geoff ORCID: 0000-0002-7391-3439 and Howe, Joseph Mark (2014) Genetic Algorithm based Modification of Production Schedule for Variance Minimisation of Energy Consumption. In: International Conference on Intelligent Automation and Robotics 2014, 22nd-24th October 2014, San Francisco, USA.

Papiez, Bartek, Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520 (2012) Facial Expression Recognition Using Log-Euclidean Statistical Shape Models. In: International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods - ICPRAM, 6-8 February 2012, Vilamoura, Algarve, Portugal.

Lightbody, Catherine Elizabeth ORCID: 0000-0001-5016-3471, Mcloughlin, Alison Sarah rachel ORCID: 0000-0001-5298-9306, Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509, Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Emsley, H., Leathley, Michael John, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003, Sutton, Chris J ORCID: 0000-0002-6406-1318 and Watkins, Caroline Leigh ORCID: 0000-0002-9403-3772 (2012) A study to assess the feasibility of a 3D Dynamic Imaging System in quantifying facial dysfunction. In: NIMAST/UKSF Northern Ireland Stroke Conference 2012.

Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509, Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520 and Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2011) High-Resolution Comprehensive 3-D Dynamic Database for Facial Articulation Analysis. In: International Confrence on Computer Vision (ICCV Workshops).

Ma, Sha, Varley, Martin Roy, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Richards, Jim ORCID: 0000-0002-4004-3115 (2010) EMG biofeedback based VR system for hand rotation and grasping rehabilitation. In: 2010 14th International Conference Information Visualisation, 26-29 July 2010, London, U.K..

Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509 and Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (2010) A statistical shape model for deformable surface. In: International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications.

Frowd, Charlie ORCID: 0000-0002-5082-1259, Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520 (2009) Towards a comprehensive 3D dynamic facial expression database. In: 9th WSEAS international conference on signal, speech and image processing, and 9th WSEAS international conference on Multimedia, internet & video technologies, September 3-5, 2009, Budapest, Hungary.

Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Ait-Boudaoud, Djamel (2008) 3-D facial expression representation using statistical shape models. In: BMVA Symposium on 3D Video, Analysis, Display and Applications, 6th February 2008, London.

Quan, Wei ORCID: 0000-0003-2099-9520, Matuszewski, Bogdan ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-2509, Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 and Ait-Boudaoud, Djamel (2007) 3-D facial expression representation using B-spline statistical shape model. In: British Machine Vision Conference, Vision, Video and Graphics Workshop, 10-13 September 2007, Warwick.

Thesis

Shark, Lik ORCID: 0000-0002-9156-2003 (1988) Frame synchronisation methods for digital satellite system. Doctoral thesis, Lancashire Polytechnic.