Solar energetic particle forecasting algorithms and associated false alarms

Abstract

Solar energetic particle (SEP) events are known to occur following solar ares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). However some high-energy solar events do not result in SEPs being detected at Earth, and it is these types of event which may be termed \false alarms".
We define two simple SEP forecasting algorithms based upon the occurrence of a magnetically well-connected CME with a speed in excess of 1500 km s-1 (\a fast CME") or a well-connected X-class are and analyse them with respect to historical data sets. We compare the parameters of those solar events which produced an enhancement of >40 MeV protons at Earth (\an SEP event") and the false alarms.
We find that an SEP forecasting algorithm based solely upon the occurrence of a well-connected fast CME produces fewer false alarms (28.8%) than one based solely upon a well-connected X-class are (50.6%). Both algorithms fail to forecast a relatively high percentage of SEP events (53.2% and 50.6% respectively).
Our analysis of the historical data sets shows that false alarm X-class ares were either not associated with any CME, or were associated with a CME slower than 500 km s-1; false alarm fast CMEs tended to be associated with ares of class less than M3.
A better approach to forecasting would be an algorithm which takes as its base the occurrence of both CMEs and ares. We define a new forecasting algorithm which uses a combination of CME and are parameters and show that the false alarm ratio is similar to that for the algorithm based upon fast CMEs (29.6%), but the percentage of SEP events not forecast is reduced to 32.4%.
Lists of the solar events which gave rise to >40 MeV protons and the false alarms have been derived and are made available to aid further study.