Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy of tranexamic acid in upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Abstract

Summary
Background: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a common medical emergency associated with substantial mortality.
Tranexamic acid may be effective for reducing mortality in upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Aim: To examine the effects of tranexamic acid in upper gastrointestinal bleeding by systematic review and meta-analysis.
Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and other relevant websites for randomised controlled trials investigating the effect of tranexamic acid published from inception to
December 10, 2019. The primary outcome of interest was mortality. Estimates of effect were pooled with a random effects model. Quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach.
Results: The search identified 1572 citations. Eleven trials comprising 2076 patients were eligible for inclusion. Of these, 10 trials (2013 patients) compared tranexamic acid with placebo. Risk of death was significantly reduced in patients who received
tranexamic acid compared with those who received placebo (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.43- 0.82, P = 0.001) with no significant heterogeneity noted among studies (I2 = 0%, P = 0.81). The GRADE assessment rated the quality of the evidence for mortality
as moderate due to risk of bias. There were no statistically significant differences between tranexamic acid and placebo for the prevention of re-bleeding, need for surgical interventions, need for blood transfusions or frequency of thromboembolic
events.
Conclusions: Moderate-quality evidence shows that tranexamic acid is superior to placebo for the reduction in mortality in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. While our findings lend further support to the use of tranexamic acid for treating patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, additional higher-quality trials are needed.