Is dysphagia under diagnosed or is normal swallowing more variable than we think? Reported swallowing problems in people aged 18 – 65 years.

Abstract

PURPOSE:
Dysphagia prevalence in younger community dwelling adults and across nations is sparse. We investigated the prevalence of swallowing problems in an unselected cohort of people aged 18-65 years.
METHODS:
The EAT-10 Assessment Tool was converted into an anonymized online survey. Invitations were emailed to author contacts and onwards dispersal encouraged. Analysis was performed using non-parametric test for group comparison (Mann-Whitney U) and Spearman’s rho correlation.
RESULTS:
From March 2014 to October 2017: 2,054 responses (32 reported ages outside of 18-65 or undeclared) from Africa, Asia, Australasia/Oceania, Europe, and North and South America. Responses: 1,648 female, 364 male, (10 reported as both), median age 34, (range 18-65, mean 37.12, SD 12.40) years. Total EAT-10 scores: median 0 (range 0-36, mean 1.57, SD 3.49).
EAT-10 score ≥3 (337) median 5 (range 3-36, mean 7.02 SD 5.91). Median age 36 (range 19-65, mean 37.81, SD 13.21) years. Declared sex was not statistically significantly associated with non-pathological vs. pathological EAT-10 score (p=.665).
Female scores (median 0.00, mean 1.56, SD 3.338) were significantly higher than for males (median 0.00, mean 1.62, SD 4.161): U (Nfemale=1648, Nmale=364) = 275420.000, z=-2.677, p=.007.
Age and EAT-10 score were not associated: females rs=-0.043, p=.079, N=1648, males rs=-0.003, p=.952, N=364.
Considerable impact on people: “I take ages to eat a main course … This is embarrassing and I often leave food even though I am still hungry.” (no diagnosis, EAT-10=17).
CONCLUSION:
Concerns regarding swallowing exist in people undiagnosed with dysphagia, who may feel uncomfortable seeking professional help. Dysphagia may be under reported resulting in a hidden population. Subtle changes are currently seen as subtle markers of COVID-19. Further work is required to ensure that what is an essentially normal swallow does not become medicalized.