Gastro Library. I. The Simulated Chemodynamical Properties of Several Gaia–Sausage–Enceladus-like Stellar Halos

Abstract

The Milky Way (MW) stellar halo contains relics of ancient mergers that tell the story of our galaxy’s formation.
Some of them are identified due to their similarity in energy, actions, and chemistry, referred to as the
“chemodynamical space,” and are often attributed to distinct merger events. It is also known that our galaxy went
through a significant merger event that shaped the local stellar halo during its first billion years. Previous studies
using N-body only and cosmological hydrodynamical simulations have shown that such a single massive merger
can produce several “signatures” in the chemodynamical space, which can potentially be misinterpreted as distinct
merger events. Motivated by these, in this work we use a subset of the GASTRO library, which consists of several
smoothed particle hydrodynamics+N-body models of a single accretion event in a MW-like galaxy. Here, we
study models with orbital properties similar to the main merger event of our galaxy and explore the implications to
known stellar halo substructures. We find that (i) supernova feedback efficiency influences the satellite’s structure
and orbital evolution, resulting in distinct chemodynamical features for models with the same initial conditions; (ii)
very retrograde high-energy stars are the most metal-poor of the accreted dwarf galaxy and could be misinterpreted
as a distinct merger; (iii) the most bound stars are more metal-rich in our models, the opposite of what is observed
in the MW, suggesting a secondary massive merger; and, finally, (iv) our models can reconcile other known
apparently distinct substructures to a unique progenitor.