Levelled Up or Left-Behind? A Relational Approach to Social Inclusion in Low-Income Coastal Communities

Abstract

This PhD by Portfolio thesis explore s the question What is the role of a relational approach in fostering social inclusion in English low income coastal communities within the context of participation in civil society?’. This is done through a curation of community level research projects in low income coastal communities along the Cumbrian coastline, all of which sought to foster social inclusion. These projects worked directly with 237 and indirectly with 646 residents in a specific geographic area over ten years, engaging with policy in education, community development and democratic participation. A critically reflective synthesis of the three studies identified various consistent themes Firstly, social exclusion was multi dimensional, and objectively and subjectively experienced. Perceived capitals contributed to the social construction of social exclusion, which operates on multiple relational levels. Secondly, strengths based approaches fostered participatory social inclusion across all projects. Finally, the value of participatory methodologies when collaborating with communities experiencing social exclusion was evident across all projects. A reflexive critique of the capital approaches applied across the projects cumulated in a relational capital approach to interpret the interplays between the objective and subjective dimensions of social inclusion. An explicit appreciation of the critical roles that relationships play in both inclusion and exclusion in civil society can inform the development of a relational framework when working with marginalised communities. Such relational practices are critical in shaping any form of participatory democracy, providing the conditions for all actors to participate meaningfully. These conditions create inclusive physical and symbolic spaces characterised by mutual respect and honesty. Counter hegemonic practices can normal cooperation and coproduction promoting openness to scrutiny and challenge. A new sociological perspective is needed to examine how social justice issues of equality impact inclusion in civil society. In an English political context, characterised by increasing division and political unrest, this thesis argues for building relationships and removing barriers to foster a fairer and more inclusive society.