Effect Of Obesity On Thyroid Function & Its Treatment-a Review

Abstract

Objective: To examine the link between hypothyroidism and obesity, and the role of nutrition and micronutrients in thyroid function. Method: A comprehensive review of existing literature and studies was conducted to examine the prevalence of hypothyroidism in obese individuals and the possible reversibility of thyroid changes with weight reduction. The role of micronutrients, particularly iodine and goitrogenic foods, was also evaluated in relation to thyroid function and structure. Special attention was given to populations in iodine-deficient and environmentally susceptible areas. Results: Findings indicate a high prevalence of hypothyroidism and secondary endocrine changes among individuals with obesity. However, it remains unclear whether thyroid dysfunction leads to increased adiposity or is a consequence of it. Nutritional deficiencies, especially iodine, play a significant role in thyroid hormone production, with T3 and T4 levels being particularly affected. Other dietary factors, such as cruciferous vegetables, pearl millet, and soy products, may contribute to thyroid issues if consumed excessively. Environmental exposure to goitrogens through contaminated water also emerged as a contributing factor in some regions. Evidence suggests that many thyroid-related changes are reversible after weight loss. Conclusion: There is a complex and bidirectional relationship between hypothyroidism and obesity. Nutritional deficiencies and environmental factors further compound thyroid dysfunction. It is crucial to establish dietary guidelines that minimize goitrogen intake and ensure adequate iodine consumption, especially in endemic regions. Future research should focus on understanding hormonal fluctuations in early stages of obesity and developing targeted micronutrient-based interventions for thyroid health.