An Assessment of Bio-physical and Social Drivers of River Vulnerability and Risks

Abstract

In recent decades, the river Ganges in India has been heavily contaminated with domestic waste and industrial toxins because of cultural activities, a lack of community awareness, absence of sewage disposal facilities and rapid population growth. Previous studies have focused separately on either the physical or social factors associated with
river Ganges pollution but have not combined these elements in a single study. To fill this research gap, our study assesses the biophysical and social vulnerability of the river Ganges by using a holistic approach. Four sampling stations were selected: Rishikesh, Haridwar, Kanpur, and Varanasi. These locations were chosen to test the water quality in biophysical aspects and to assess the social perceptions of river vulnerability among residents and visitors. Perceptions of river water quality and likely sources of pollution were gathered via distribution of over 1000 questionnaires. Data collection took place in the winter and summer of 2022 and 2023. The results recorded that river water quality is not suitable for drinking purpose at any of four cities without conventional treatment, also the river is unsuitable for bathing at all locations except upstream of Rishikesh. Nearly 50% of those questioned agreed that the river is polluted, whilst 74% agreed that pollution has increased in recent decades, particularly in last 10 years. These compelling results are critical for policymakers and decision-makers. They highlight the urgent need for novel strategies that address Ganges pollution while fostering community health education and environmental management. By dispelling myths surrounding river quality, this study strengthens the ongoing efforts to restore the Ganges, ensuring that it remains a vital lifeline for present and future generations.